The recent approval by the Cabinet Committee on Security for the construction of two nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) marks a significant milestone for the Indian Navy. This decision not only alleviates pressing operational needs but also validates the relentless efforts of designers and engineers who have been toiling on indigenous SSN projects since the mid-2010s. With the commissioning of INS Arihant and INS Arighaat, India has already made considerable strides in its nuclear submarine capabilities, yet the focus now shifts to these new SSNs, which promise to enhance India’s maritime prowess.
India’s journey into the realm of nuclear submarines is a tale of ambition, vision, and strategic partnerships. The timeline traces back to 1981 when Mazagon Dock Ltd entered into a collaboration with Germany to build conventional submarines. This foundational project laid the groundwork for India’s future endeavors in submarine construction. The Indian Navy’s foray into nuclear capabilities began in earnest with the Advanced Technology Vessel Project initiated in 1984. This initiative aimed to demonstrate the country’s ability to build nuclear reactors for submarines—a vision that would only come to fruition decades later with the commissioning of the first SSBN in 2016.
However, the path has not been smooth. The Indian Navy faced formidable challenges in acquiring critical technologies and systems necessary for nuclear submarines. The stringent safety protocols dictated the pace of development, ensuring that no corners were cut in the quest for operational readiness. Training personnel to operate these complex vessels became paramount. Initial training took place abroad, but the establishment of domestic training facilities has been a game-changer, allowing India to cultivate a skilled workforce capable of managing nuclear-powered submarines.
The leasing of Russian SSNs, notably the INS Chakra, played a crucial role in building operational expertise within the Indian Navy. These leases not only provided hands-on experience but also fostered a culture of professionalism and competence among crews. As the Indian Navy gears up for the delivery of its first SSN in the next decade, the planned lease of a third Chakra will ensure continuity in training and operational readiness.
The question of why India did not pursue SSNs earlier is intriguing. A mix of political debate and budgetary constraints likely stymied earlier efforts. The discourse around nuclear versus conventional submarines often lacked nuance, with decision-makers failing to grasp the distinct roles each type plays in national defense. As the Indian government allocates Rs 45,000 crores for the new SSNs, the economic return on investment is expected to be substantial. With a focus on indigenous production, the initiative will stimulate job creation and technological advancements, benefiting the broader economy.
The implications of these developments extend beyond military capability. The lifecycle of a submarine spans over three decades, generating sustained employment and fostering innovation. The indigenous content in these submarines has already seen significant growth, with the first SSBN featuring 30% local content and the second reaching 60%. The forthcoming SSN is anticipated to surpass these figures, showcasing India’s commitment to self-reliance.
In a broader context, the approval of these SSNs signals a transformative phase for India’s maritime strategy. It reflects the nation’s resolve to assert its presence in the Indian Ocean and beyond, reinforcing its status as a formidable maritime power. This move aligns seamlessly with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, emphasizing the importance of self-sufficiency and indigenous capabilities in defense. As India navigates the complexities of regional security dynamics, the construction of these submarines will undoubtedly serve as a cornerstone of its maritime strategy, shaping the future of naval warfare in the region.
