The nuclear energy sector in India is on the cusp of a significant transformation, with Rosatom, the Russian nuclear giant, stepping up to offer its expertise in building small modular reactors (SMRs). This development is not just about adding another player to the mix; it’s about reshaping the landscape of nuclear energy in India. Rosatom’s proposal to set up SMRs in coastal areas of India is a strategic move that could revolutionise the sector. By leveraging its extensive experience, Rosatom could help India mitigate the challenges associated with coastal nuclear power plants, such as safety and environmental concerns.
Rosatom’s offer comes at a time when India is actively seeking to diversify its energy sources and reduce its carbon footprint. The Indian government’s recent budget announcement of a Nuclear Energy Mission with an outlay of ₹20,000 crore, aimed at operationalising at least five indigenously developed SMRs by 2033, underscores this commitment. The mission also aims to develop at least 100 GW of nuclear energy by 2047, a goal that will require significant private sector involvement. Amendments to the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act are already in the pipeline to facilitate this.
Rosatom’s involvement could provide a roadmap for India, given its recent contract with Uzbekistan for an SMR-based plant. This contract, which involves both Russian technology and local resources, could serve as a blueprint for India’s own SMR development. Moreover, Rosatom’s experience in building operational SMR projects worldwide could help India navigate the technical and regulatory challenges associated with SMRs.
The potential for localisation and technology transfer, as mentioned by Rosatom, is another critical aspect. This could not only boost India’s indigenous capabilities but also create a robust ecosystem for nuclear energy development. Rosatom’s proposal to build SMRs in coastal areas could also address India’s growing energy demands in coastal regions, which are often industrial hubs.
The timing of Rosatom’s offer is particularly noteworthy, given the recent interest shown by other international players. The US-based firm’s interest in working with India on SMRs, coupled with the civil nuclear partnership boosted by the visit of the then US NSA Jake Sullivan, indicates a global race to partner with India in the nuclear energy sector. Additionally, India and France’s agreement to work on low and medium power modular reactors and advanced modular reactors further underscores the global interest in India’s nuclear energy sector.
However, Rosatom’s offer also raises questions about India’s strategic choices. With multiple international players vying for a piece of the Indian nuclear energy pie, India will need to carefully weigh its options. The choice of partner will not only impact the technical and financial aspects of the project but also have geopolitical implications.
The Nuclear Energy Mission’s focus on indigenous development is a double-edged sword. While it promotes self-reliance, it also poses significant challenges. The success of this mission will depend on India’s ability to leverage international expertise while fostering indigenous capabilities. Rosatom’s offer could be a stepping stone in this direction, provided India can navigate the complexities of international partnerships and local development.
The nuclear energy sector in India is at a critical juncture. Rosatom’s offer, coupled with the government’s ambitious plans, could catalyse a nuclear energy revolution in India. However, the success of this endeavour will depend on India’s ability to make strategic choices, foster indigenous capabilities, and navigate the complexities of international partnerships. The coming years will be pivotal in shaping the future of nuclear energy in India.
