In the quest for sustainable energy solutions, geothermal power is heating up, quite literally. A groundbreaking study published in the journal ‘Frontiers in Built Environment’ (translated from Latin as ‘Frontiers in the Built Environment’) sheds light on the remarkable strides and emerging technologies in geothermal energy utilization, particularly for building heating and cooling. The research, led by Val Hyginus Udoka Eze from the Department of Electrical, Telecom. & Computer Engineering at Kampala International University in Uganda, explores how smart system integration and enhanced efficiency solutions are revolutionizing the geothermal landscape.
Geothermal energy, harnessed from the Earth’s heat, is not a new concept. However, recent technological innovations are making it more accessible and efficient than ever before. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), for instance, are achieving impressive energy efficiency levels, with coefficients of performance (COP) ranging from 3.5 to 6.0. This means that for every unit of electricity used, these systems can produce 3.5 to 6.0 units of heat. “The potential of geothermal energy is immense,” says Eze. “With the right technologies and policies in place, it can significantly contribute to our energy needs while reducing our carbon footprint.”
One of the most exciting developments in this field is the use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). These systems use hydraulic, chemical, and thermal stimulation to extract heat from low-permeability formations, effectively expanding the geographical reach of geothermal energy beyond traditional hotspots. This innovation is crucial for countries like Uganda, where Eze is based, and many others that are not typically associated with geothermal activity.
The integration of smart technologies is another game-changer. Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT) are enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and load forecasting. These technologies optimize the performance and longevity of geothermal energy systems, making them more reliable and cost-effective. “Smart technologies are the future of geothermal energy,” Eze asserts. “They allow us to maximize the efficiency of these systems and integrate them seamlessly into the broader energy grid.”
Hybrid systems, which combine geothermal energy with solar, wind, and thermal energy storage, are also gaining traction. These systems improve grid stability and further enhance energy efficiency, providing a more resilient and sustainable energy solution. Despite the high initial costs associated with geothermal systems, the operational expenses remain competitive, and the return on investment typically occurs within 5–15 years. Moreover, geothermal plants exhibit high-capacity factors, outperforming solar and wind in terms of energy production consistency.
The global geothermal capacity surpassed 16 GW in 2023 and is projected to exceed 24 GW by 2030. Countries like the U.S., Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines, and Turkey are leading the way in geothermal deployment. Notable projects include the Olkaria Geothermal Power Plant in Kenya, The Geysers in the United States, Hellisheidi in Iceland, and the Yangbajain Geothermal Power Station in China. These projects demonstrate the scalability and viability of geothermal energy on a global scale.
As nations strive for carbon neutrality and energy security, geothermal energy is poised to play a pivotal role. The research by Eze and his team highlights the importance of policy frameworks and government incentives in promoting the expansion of geothermal energy. With the right support, geothermal power could become a cornerstone of sustainable energy transitions, mitigating climate change, and ensuring a greener future.
The implications of this research are far-reaching. For the energy sector, it underscores the need for continued investment in geothermal technologies and infrastructure. For policymakers, it emphasizes the importance of supportive regulations and incentives. And for consumers, it offers the promise of a more sustainable and reliable energy future. As Eze puts it, “The future of energy is geothermal, and the time to invest in it is now.” The study published in ‘Frontiers in Built Environment’ provides a comprehensive roadmap for harnessing the full potential of geothermal energy, paving the way for a more sustainable and energy-efficient world.