In a groundbreaking development that could revolutionize bone reconstruction surgeries, researchers have successfully demonstrated the potential of intraoperative bioprinting (IOB) in both small and large animal models. This innovative approach, detailed in a study published in *Kleine Wissenschaft* (Small Science), addresses the complex challenges of craniomaxillofacial reconstruction, offering a promising solution for automated surgical interventions.
The study, led by Miji Yeo from the Engineering Science and Mechanics department at Pennsylvania State University, introduces a novel collagen-based bioink enhanced with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). This bioink is designed to optimize cytocompatibility, bioprintability, and osteogenic activities, making it a viable option for reconstructive surgeries.
Yeo and her team first tested the IOB technique on rats with critical-sized calvarial defects. Using a 3-axis bioprinter, they were able to fill the defects within approximately 30 seconds, achieving about 90% bone coverage area in just eight weeks. The success of this initial phase paved the way for more ambitious experiments.
The researchers then scaled up their approach, applying IOB to sheep with significantly larger calvarial defects, approximately 31 times bigger than those in the rat models. Utilizing a 6-axis robotic arm, the team managed to complete the bioprinting process in about five minutes per defect. Remarkably, the sheep treated with IOB showed accelerated bone repair, with around 80% bone coverage area after 12 weeks. Additionally, the treated defects exhibited substantial mechanical improvements, with increases of 240% in Young’s modulus, 235% in peak force, and 358% in energy compared to the non-treated group.
“This study validates the translation potential of IOB for automated surgical interventions,” said Yeo. “The successful execution in both small and large animal models brings us one step closer to clinical applications.”
The implications of this research are vast, particularly for the medical and construction industries. In the medical field, IOB could streamline complex surgeries, reduce recovery times, and improve patient outcomes. For the construction industry, the technology could inspire new methods for repairing and reinforcing structures, potentially leading to more efficient and durable building materials.
As Yeo and her team continue to refine their technique, the future of intraoperative bioprinting looks increasingly bright. This pioneering work not only advances our understanding of bone regeneration but also opens up new avenues for innovation in both medicine and construction. The study’s publication in *Kleine Wissenschaft* underscores its significance and potential impact on various sectors, heralding a new era of automated, precision-driven surgical interventions.